Bullying Research Paper Essay

Abstract Every day across America, children are being sent to school with the mindset that they are safe as they head to an environment that is intended to support a positive atmosphere of learning and socialization. However, schools across America are plagued with the continuous and aggressive problem of bullying that is effecting our society as a whole. Our children’s physical and emotional well-being is at risk because of the act of bullying. Without proper education, identification, and prevention to promote awareness, bullying will continue to be a major issue. The following research paper is intended to focus on the effects of school bullying and what society can do to help prevent future bullying from occurring. I aspire to learn the different forms of bullying, while learning what I can do to identify the problem and what the possible solutions to preventing future occurrence are. Keywords: Bullying,Cyberbullying, School Bullying School Bullying Over the years, bullying has become more prominent in our society. In the past, many adults and educators perceive bullying as something that all children go through; just kids being kids. Children are all effected differently depending on the degree of the bullying, some even ending in tragic events. Being proactive in recognizing bullying can lead to a drastic decrease in bullying cases. Educated professionals are being trained in order to pick up on signs that an act of bullying is happening and how to address and resolve the situation. Thankfully, more and more states are issuing laws to protect the schools and the students against bullying. As a result, anti-bullying programs were created to provide a safe learning environment for students and have been effective all over the world. In order for us to better understand bullying, we must know what bullying is. The simple word â€Å"bully† can be referred back to as early as the 1500’s. In order to learn exactly what a bully is, you must first break down what a bully is in its simplest form. The act of bullying requires two people, the bully and the person being bullied. By definition, â€Å"Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose (stopbullying.org).† The entire act is dependent upon a disparity of power, the aggressor exhibits that they have more power than the person being targeted. The act of bullying can be separated into three categories: verbal (name calling, teasing), social (ignoring or isolating), and physical bullying (hitting, kicking). Now with the recent boom in technology, a new form of bullying has now emerged- cyber bullying. In any event, all forms of bullying have a direct result on the victim. Bullying is a form of abuse that carries on over the course of time. â€Å"At first one may believe that the effects of bullying is limited to initial responses that tend to fade within a few days or a week, at most. However, research indicates that the harm inflicted by bullying, whether physical or psychological, has implications and can result in a snowball effect of lasting and painful emotions and negative impacts.† (Donegan, 2008). Although bullying consists of two core components, the bully and the person being bullied, the difference in the type of bullying differs greatly. The person who plays the part of the bully is acting in a conscious, willful, and deliberate activity where the primary purpose is to generate fear through the threat of additional aggressive acts. This further act of aggression and creation of terror creates the lasting impression of intimidation and an uncomfortable emotional sense that the bully uses to maintain power. Once a bully has created this superiority, the bully will continue to victimize their offender. These actions define the most common and obvious form of bullying, physical bullying. In this instance, the aggressor is most often portrayed punching, kicking, throwing objects, or  participating in some form of destructive behavior that is both observable and physical. The intimidated victim will most likely dismiss any injuries received to avoid any further incidents. At t his point, the bully has already established their control and will continue to exercise their power over the victim. In many instances, victims have been found to report a combination of physical and verbal bullying. The verbal threatening, taunting, and name calling has been found to be a commonality with physical bullying. â€Å"In a survey of big school students, a third of students who were bullied experienced symptoms that sound much like post-traumatic stress disorder: Feelings of panic, repeatedly thinking about past bullying episodes, and inability to concentrate at school. Unfortunately, these feelings of anxiety and distress tend to linger after graduation and into adulthood† (Sharp, 1995). â€Å"The adverse impact of school bullying is often exacerbated by the fact that many pupils do not tell of their experience and therefore do not receive appropriate help and support (Oliver & Candappa, 2003). With our society constantly evolving, so has the manner in which individuals are bullied. Since the emergence of the internet, social media, and the technological advancements of telecommunications, the ease and the way people communicate has created a breeding ground for young adults to bully one another. Cyber bullying has now transcended the traditional sense of bullying and evolved into a form that allows a person to hide their identity behind a computer. â€Å"This anonymity makes it easier for the offender to strike blows against a victim without having to see the victim’s physical response. The distancing effect that technological devices have on today’s youth often leads them to say and do crueler things compared to what is typical in a traditional face-to-face bullying situation† (Donegan, 2012). Cyber bullying has been defined as â€Å"an aggressive act or behavior that is carried out using electronic means by a group or an individual repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself† (Smith, e.t.,al 2008). Examples of cyber bullying include malicious text messages or emails, rumors posted on social networking sites, and  embarrassing photos, videos, or fake profiles. Although cyber bullying is often experienced indirectly, as opposed to a face to face confrontation with traditional bullying, the potential for reaching a larger audience is greater. A form of cyber bullying would be posting a status that is intended to be vague, however, is specifically directed towards someone using an insignificant clue that the victim would know is directed at them. Once a publication is made through a social media network, the potential for further sharing increases exponentially. At this point, the repetitiveness for the bullying to continue can c arry on by other people, causing a snowball effect. That single act creates a vicious circle that the victim may experience over and over. Regardless if it is traditional bullying or cyber bullying, a significant amount of research has documented the long lasting impact of bullying on a person’s mental health and academic performance. In many instances, an entire school’s student body is capable of being affected by bullying. A school is intended to design an atmosphere where children experience a positive and inviting environment, where growth and individuality is welcomed and encouraged. However, when a school’s climate is plagued by bullying, there is an inherent fear and intimidation within the school that causes the victim and others to disassociate and reject the notion of a positive atmosphere. The fear of being harassed or excluded by peers in school contributes to dropout rates and poor academic achievement, causing additional victimization. In order to implement a strategy to combat bullying, â€Å"schools must include school-level interventions designed to change the overall culture and climate of the school: class room interventions targeting teachers and other adults in the school; and student-level interventions that target individual or small groups of victims and bullies.† (Whitted, 2005). Strategies like this help to revert the power imbalance that a bully thrives on to gain power. Research on anti-bullying programs have shown that information provided for parents through newsletters and parent meetings proved to be successful. A school atmosphere with a positive line of communication between school administration and the student’s parents helps to raise the awareness of  bullying encouraging a drastic reduction in bullying incidents. Other common ways to help combat the effects of bullying included more social interactions for the victim. Educators and parents are urged to have the child participate in organized social activities to initiate new friendships and build confidence with other children for a feeling of belonging. If the child is interested in music, art, or sports, they are encouraged to develop and practice that talent to reinforce confidence and self-esteem. A controlled system with peer support helps victims deal with the interpersonal conflicts of bullying in a pro-active and non-violent way. By being positive, supportive, and embracin g the child and what he/she is going through at all times, he will come to respect and cherish himself as an individual and overcome any negative effects bullying may have caused. Conclusion When someone thinks back to their days of elementary school through high school, most of us think about â€Å"normal† school images- classes, homeroom, and friends. We can all recall some of the struggles; studying for the big test, getting homework completed, making new friends. To me, school was just school. It was something I had to do to become a successful adult. For those victims of school bullying, school is a living nightmare. The harassment, pain, and the series of struggles a bullied person experiences is too much for any normal person to comprehend, especially if they were not bullied personally. School becomes a burden and something that is avoided as much as possible. The victims become stressed with their overflowing insecurities. School work no longer is a priority, avoiding the harassment and humility becomes a primary concern. Prior to conducting this research project, my knowledge of bullying was very limited. Having not been bullied as a child, my image was simple. The biggest kid in the class would push the scrawny â€Å"weird† kid against his locker, and that was the end of it. Now, after reading the numerous studies done on this terrible â€Å"epidemic†, I have realized that this is a problem that causes more damage long term than what society thinks- and it effects everyone! My daughter will be entering elementary school in a few years, and as her father I feel that it is important to explain bullying and the  effects it has on individuals. No matter if it is verbal, emotional, physical or occurring on social media sites, I feel it is my job, as well as the school’s guidance team to educate and inform my daughter on this serious topic. If we can properly educate people, hopefully someday the negative domino effect of bullying can be reversed to be a positive outcome of the popu lar plan to â€Å"pay it forward†. For someone who was taught â€Å"The Golden Rule† as a young boy, it seems simple to me. Treat others the way you want to be treated, and if you don’t have anything nice to say to someone- don’t say it at all. This is something I plan to teach my daughter, and maybe if more people believe and teach this golden rule, bullying will be a thing of the past. References Donegan, R. (2012). Bullying and Cyberbullying: History, Statistics, Law, Prevention and Analysis. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 3(1), 33-42. McElearney, A., Adamson, G., Shevlin, M., & Bunting, B. (2013). Impact Evaluation of a School-based Counselling Intervention in Northern Ireland: Is it Effective for Pupils Who Have Been Bullied?. Child Care In Practice, 19(1), 4-22. doi:10.1080/13575279.2012.732557 Ockerman, M. S., Kramer, C., & Bruno, M. (2014). From the School Yard to Cyber Space: A Pilot Study of Bullying Behaviors Among Middle School Students. Research In Middle Level Education Online, 37(6), 1-18. Oliver, C., & Candappa, M. (2003). Summary report Tackling bullying: Listening to the views of children and young people. London: ChildLine and Thomas Coram Research Unit. Sharp, S. (1995). How much does bullying hurt? The effects of bullying on the personal wellbeing and educational progress of secondary aged students. Educational and Child Psychology, 12, 81–88. Smith, P.K., J. Mahdavi, M. Carvalho, S. Fisher, N. Russell, and N. Tippett (2008), â€Å"Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils†, Journal of Chil Psycology & Psychiartry, 49. pp 376-385 What is Bullying | StopBullying.gov. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/index.html Whitted, K., & Dupper, D. (2005). Best practices for preventing or reducing bullying in schools. Children & Schools, 27(3), 167-175.

Malaysia Chinese Culture Essay

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Economic Force that Have Shaped the Development of this Country - Essay Example Scare resources have contributed to the unfavorable living conditions in Jamestown in 1607. Famine had greatly reduced the population of settlers over the course of a few years. In 1620, the search for a more favorable location led other immigrants to a New England coastal site they called Plymouth. Though severe weather had caused casualties, some were able to survive and in 1621, they reaped the village’s first harvest. This subsistence economy shaped the development of the first immigrant settlements in British America. Several years later, with the development of proprietary colonies south of New England, a new economic force began to shape the settlements. In Carolina, the effect of dissimilar production approach showed different economic results. The southern part of the colony focused on cultivating the highly profitable rice. They managed huge crop plantations with the help of black slaves. The economic condition in the north, where tobacco was cultivated in small plantations, was less prosperous. During the 1700s, London imparted a blow to the budding economy of the colonies. From 1764, British taxes were imposed on goods imported by British America. These taxation policies affected imports of sugar, wine, and textile (Sugar Act of 1764), newspapers and legal papers (1765’s Stamp Act), and paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea (Townshend Acts of 1767). The colonies responded by boycotting British goods, and this led to the growing political tension between London and British America. During the early years of the independent America, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison advocated economic policies to improve the condition and overall well-being of the country. These policies exemplified an agrarian model of commercial society (Henretta, 1995). While the system allowed the farmers to manage the productive sources, it left them with the

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Online courses versus Traditional courses - Essay Example Sometimes students get involved in discussions because they feel more comfortable sharing their opinions than in a normal face to face manner. Furthermore, there are varieties of free education tools (audio or video) that will create the feeling of a classroom setting. It is difficult to make friends in an online class because one never meets one another, as well as their professor in real life. Additionally, it might be extremely difficult to discipline one self enough especially when one is computer illiterate or unfamiliar with accessing the web. Traditional courses give students the liberty to be in class on time for lectures, turn in assignments, meet with groups or take test at a scheduled time. There are chances to connect with a lot of people in the classroom, make friends easily with your classmate, have easy access to your professor during office hours, ask questions and get instant help. It is not open, sometimes when people keep out of class they might go far behind on the course especially when taking quizzes. As a family and a working student, there are classes that may not fit your schedule; one may have to drop some classes to find room for another one. One can connect to a lot of people in the classroom, make friends easily with their classmates, have easy access to your professor during office hours, ask questions and get instant

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The Untouchables on Wall Street - Essay Example ated by a different sense of what constitutes legitimate profitable transactions and so they try to game or con the whole financial system operating on Wall Street. Any hints of possible wrongdoing can ruin the investment climate with serious consequences for employees and the whole economy. I consider these two aspects as extremely important because America was founded and grew on its democratic institutions including a free-market capitalist economy based on investor confidence. Question 2: The two most important things about government today are its failures to regulate Wall Street and the financial industry in particular, and secondly, government regulatory agencies were caught sleeping on the job and even now with plenty of evidence of fraud, is still very reluctant to bring cases and charges against those who caused the financial crisis of 2008. It is clear that the U.S. government is beholden to the titans of Wall Street as many politicians owe a lot of campaign contributions from these same Wall Street executives and so the DOJ is to handle these cases with kid gloves or even worse, delay filing the cases altogether which is why up to now, there is no big fish or top Wall Street executive who has been sent to jail. What is now important is that justice is elusive for many burnt investors who lost their shirts and savings. On another note, the video shows government makes compromises that renders justice to be

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Personal Mission - Essay Example ds) Exceptional Needs Standards firstly, then it moves towards the understanding of the special educator, after it, it informs about how can the NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards be applied for teaching students with disabilities, then there is an assessment of knowledge and skills needed to be an effective special educator and in the end, the topic is concluded. NBPTS (National Board for Professional Teaching Standards) Exceptional Needs Standards is a certification for the teachers who teach students with special needs. The age criterion that is applied for exceptional students is twenty one and more than twenty one years of age (National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, 2006). The teacher willing to get this certification must be able to identify the needs of students in terms of communication because communication is required to get information, to apply information and to understand information. The NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards require the teachers to be sincere to their teaching job and that they have full interest in enabling the students to learn. NBPTS Exceptional Needs Standards are a set of principles, which the interested candidates should be aware of before applying for it (Bond, et. al, 2000). The principles are related to the teaching attitude and interest of teachers and also about the devotion of teachers towards the students with exceptional needs. These standards make sure that the teachers that are certified according to these standards are able to let the students with special needs to learn to a great extent. The teachers are assessed according to their knowledge concerning relative subjects for the students with special needs. The teachers must be able to generate a positive correspondence between them and the students. The teachers should not keep any kind of prejudice or bias with the students, they must be fair to all. The teachers should have all the legal knowledge required for special education. According to these

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Human Resource Development in UK - Essay Example As manpower is cheap in developing countries, these countries could concentrate on providing training for jobs that do not require such high skills. Similarly, there are developing countries that wish to compete with the advanced countries in producing specialized goods and services. To produce high-technology products would require the necessary arrangements and investments for long term research along with expensive and complex production equipment. However, providing the right environment for the skilled human resources would make them perform better. For a job to be done well, not only is a person required to have inherent talent, but also be provided with the latest skills in that particular industry. Sometime, they can be made to have the skill by hiring them from outside the organisation. But it is difficult to achieve this by training and developing the present employees. Human Resource Development (HRD) is a planned curriculum that is used in order to invest in human capital. Development of human resources is one of the most important contributors to the success of the UK economy. It draws on other human resource processes, for example resourcing and performance evaluation, so that the real and probable talent can be recognized. HRD helps to present a structure for self-development, training courses and career progression. We will recover in the following HRD at the environmental level, HRD and the organization, the learning organization, Development programmes, induction, Empowerment and HRD and Leadership development. HRD at the environmental level In order to respond to the changing demands of the job market, human capital development should be in the form of education and skills training. Some skills are a rarity even when there is high employment. Newswire Today reports that in 2007 a report was issued by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC) entitled "UK Skills: Making the Grade". This report was based on a survey of over 300 employers in the UK. According to this report, 55% of the employers who were evaluated were finding it more difficult to employ skilled workers now as compared to the five years ago. In order to find a solution to this problem, in the same year the UK Government announced the major expansion in skills investment for England of over 11 billion for each of the next three years. The total spending on learning and skills is likely to increase to 12.3 billion in a year by 2010/11. This is comparing with the 6.5 billion spent in 2001/02 (Department for Innovation, Universities & Skills, n.d.). There are many differences in education and training levels in the many countries around the world. For example, in Germany, they consider technology and production as high status activities. In their opinion, to succeed in some areas, employees must have a high level of technical training. Thus German businesses give greater importance to technical advantage than those in the UK. In the UK, it is not only technology that is important but other areas as well, even the ones unconnected to the engineering and technical side. A case in point could be the Film Industry in Britain. It is only recently that the Film Industry has been credited, but it is a fact that the UK has tried to make it successful. For this purpose, the Film Industry

Short book reviews and comparison of reviews Essay

Short book reviews and comparison of reviews - Essay Example Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This Earth of Mankind. New York: Penguin, 1996. Vol. 1 of Buru Quartet. Print. This Earth of Mankind is a novel about modernity, civilization, sex and sexuality in the society. The novel is set around the main protagonist, Minke who reflects on the real meaning of modernity, which he associates with â€Å"learning and science.†1 The idea of modernity and civilization is advanced as Minke shows his interest in electricity;2 he demonstrates modernity by using trains and smaller machines driven by oil and not steam. The novel starts by explaining factors of globalization and hence modernity. The novel also manifests the inner conflict in the main protagonists arising from conflict of interest between the colonized and the colonizer. The author utilizes the narrative approach to detail the life of the main protagonists, and how the protagonists advance the themes of colonialism, modernity, and sexuality. Through describing various inventions and developments in science, the author brings out development of modernity in the novel, and how it impacts the lives of the main protagonists. The author utilizes symbolism and descriptive language throughout the book. For example, the use of aspirin as the most powerful medicine to be discovered by humanity to symbolizes effects of modernity on humanity. The main perspective in the novel is the importance of the native Javanese culture as the main protagonists still fight to keep their identity in the society despite the rapid spreading forces of modernity that seek to abolish such cultures. This is observed through Minke who tries to find his real identity despite being in a Dutch school. The novel also brings out the ills of modernity in the society as prostitution and brothels became a status symbol in the society,3 and the oppression of the natives as seen in the rape of Annelies by Robert; a way to exert power for being associated with Europeans. The issue of mixed blood brews much conflict as Maurit’s father commits blasphemy by mixing the native and white blood, which is unforgivable. Thus the white is taken as a much superior race that cannot mix with the low class native blood. This is an issue of superiority complex, where the white is viewed as being much superior tot eh native. However, dispute the issue of mixed blood being contentious, the whites still continue to sleep with native prostitutes in brothels and to sire children with the natives, which is also mixing the native and white blood. The whites are thus hypocritical. This makes them to reconsider the racial boundaries and in some cases, the native can actually be assimilated into the white society to enjoy the prestige; an example being Minke who enjoys the prestige of the whites though from a mixed blood. Inner conflict in the main protagonists is the main aspect in the novel. Minke in his setting struggles to find his real identity in a society that ranks his native class at the lower end of social hierarchy. He is lonely and is forced to live with constant questioning by fellow students who probably were skeptical regarding his ability to make it in sciences as whites do.4 Nyai Ontosoroh faces serious inner struggles; she is a mistress to a white, though a native and is even mistreated by the same whites for being a native; she is used as a sex

Report on Religious Field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report on Religious Field - Research Paper Example This discussion is meant to investigate and discuss the misconceptions that people have about Buddhism religion. It will further, analyze the prior understanding about this religion, and if misconceptions about other people’s religion are common Buddhism exists in two different factions, Theravada, which is referred as school of elders and Mahayana. Theravada is found in Sri Lanka on the South-eastern side Asia and Mahayana is on the Eastern side of Asia. However, Buddhism is highly concentrated in Asia; it is scantly found in other parts of the world. The teachings of Buddhism differ in the kind on the course of freedom. The main teachings are on the dependent initiation and no self. The basis of this religion is the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha. Association with any of those courses is an indication of being a Buddhist (Christopher, 2000). Misconceptions of Buddhism religion Buddhist is pagans Pagan is a term used to refer to people who do not ascribe to God commonly accepted by the Christian God. Buddhist on their part does not relate themselves to God or gods. Instead, Buddhist relates their faith to Dharma, which is not an idol. Buddhist concerns itself about the truth. Conversely, to other religion when an negative eventuality occur, Buddhist will not raise question as to such, this is because Buddhist do not belief in supreme being like the other religion that believe that there is a supernatural power that have control over everything. Buddhist concerns themselves with appreciation of happenings that take place in ones in life (Kuo, 2008). Idea of Reincarnation This misconception is appreciable. For instance, Tibetans Buddhists holds the belief of being born again and in different class of life higher than the one a person occupied before he died. There is a misconception, which might lure a person to believing Tibetan Buddhism symbolizes Buddhism in entirety. Shin Buddhist appreciate the belief of reincarnation in the same way as other people beli eve in their god but the difference is they do not give it much thought. The common ground of all Buddhist is concern about the truth, which exists in nature, and people ought to appreciate (Kuo, 2008). Kuo ( 2008) argues that Buddhist appreciate anguish, the argument behind this is the perception that Buddhist stands for the truth and honesty. Suffering is a common thing in nature, and the truth about this should not be dispelled in the minds of human beings. Lack of appreciation of this belief is seen by Buddhist as escapism. Buddhists do not appreciate suffering as an opportunity to learn through encounters. Further, to the Buddhist suffering is seen as a positive phenomenon that a person should experience in order to learn from it. Buddhist dressing in robes is another misconception. This is attributed to the time of the Hare Krishna a faction that was very evident. In the 70s and 80s when this faction used to be in many places that it was very simple to identify them in their r obes. Most of the American may have been lured into believing that the Faction of the Hare Krishna was Buddhists. While the Buddhists, Tibetan monks and the priests wear robes during religious ceremonies, the other followers of the religion wear normal clothes. Buddhist is a unique religion in that it encourages meditation. The forms of meditation one may involve in depend on

Estimation of pH Essay Example for Free

Estimation of pH Essay Acid-base titration calculations Aim: This experiment is designed to train our skills of calculation in titration as well as help us to be familiar with the procedures of titration. Background: 1. Titration is a technique which involves measuring the volume of one solution which just reacts completely with another solution. 2. A pipette is designed to deliver exactly the same volume each time it is used. 3. A burette is equipment fitted with a tap and is calibrated so as to accurately measure a variable volume of solution. 4. Tire is the volume of the second solution required in titration. Method: The whole experiment is based on computer simulation. To train our calculation skills in titration, two trials are set. One is titration between a strong acid and a strong base. The other is between a weak acid and a strong base. In this experiment, the strong acid is HCl, the strong base is NaOH and the weak acid is CH3COOH. Strong acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add HCl into the burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Apparatus: Pipette 25ml Burette 50ml pH meter Beaker 80ml Chemicals: Barium Hydroxide, Ba(OH)2 Hydrochloric Acid, HCl Ethanoic Acid, CH3COOH Bromothymol Blue Safety: Follow the rules in the laboratory and wear the safety goggles. Set up of apparatus: Procedure: Strong acid and strong base 1. I set up the apparatus. 2. I measured 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. I transferred the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. I added Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. I added HCl into the burette. 6. I turned on the pH meter. 7. I inserted the probes into the beaker. 8. I read the reading on burette. 9. I started titrating. 10. I read the final volume. 11. I removed the probes. Weak acid and strong base 1. Set up the apparatus. 2. Measure 25ml Ba(OH)2 by pipette. 3. Transfer the Ba(OH)2 into a beaker. 4. Add Bromothymol Blue which is and indicator. 5. Add CH3COOHhe burette. 6. Turn on the pH meter. 7. Insert the probes into the beaker. 8. Read the reading on burette. 9. Start titrating. 10. Read the final volume. 11. Remove the probes. Data collection: Strong acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 15.03 Final pH in the beaker 2.79 Volume of HCl added 41.02ml Weak acid and strong base Initial pH in the beaker 14.90 Final pH in the beaker 2.57 Volume of HCl added 38.60ml Data processing: Strong acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Weak acid and strong base The chemical equation for this reaction 2 CH3COOH (aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) (CH3COOH)2Ba (aq) + 2H2O(l) Graph: Strong acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Weak acid and strong base Screenshot of the software Graph of the pH in the beaker against volume added Conclusion: The concentration of hydrochloric acid in the first trial is The concentration of ethanoic acid in the second trial is Evaluation and improvement: 1. As what I have discovered, all the graphs of a certain reaction in this software are the same. There is no difference in the graph if the concentration is changed. Also the graph is distinct points rather than a curve. During the experiment, sometimes failure occurred. Thus the only improvement could be done is to change another software.

Visual Arts and Social Advocacy Essay Example for Free

Visual Arts and Social Advocacy Essay Art is basically a social construction. It is a mere representation of the experiences of the artist himself, thus it can never be real. Groups of people agree to a certain thing. The capacity of man to receive another mans expression of feeling and the experience those feelings himself is where the activity of art is based (Tolstoy, 1896). In arts, imagination and creativity is used to make things aesthetically significant; something that is perceptible to the senses, pleasurable and satisfying to the percipients. Thus, appreciation of art is not just because of the aesthetic satisfaction. An artist wants to communicate various things; an artist wants to communicate the experience that he or she had, the act of expressing the experience that he or she had and the gratifying experience of the artist for having accomplished something meaningful and or significant. There are three kinds of art forms according to the medium used; the visual or space art, the auditory or time arts and the combined arts. Visual or space art can be seen and occupies space. There are two major forms of art in visual arts; the two-dimensional art which portrays width and length, these can be found in art forms such as paintings, photography, prints and drawings, there is what we also call the three-dimensional art in which it portrays width, length and depth, this can be found in sculptures and landscape. The auditory or time arts is the kind of art that can be heard and expressed in time, various mediums such as musical instruments and poems can be used in this kind of art. Combined arts is the combination of visual arts and auditory arts, this can be seen in theatre arts, drama, plays, movies and the likes. Art in any period simultaneously reflects two things; the genius of the maker, artist or inventor and the sensibility, characteristic values and attitudes towards the important aspect of life that are held by the society in which the work was formed. What is a mural? Murals are art forms which are visible to the naked eye, these are usually paintings; it is categorized as a kind of visual arts. These are art forms which are usually painted on walls, ceilings and tiles. Public murals are usually in large scale and are shown to the public; these are usually painted on public walls and streets. Murals can give an extra elegance, beauty and character to a park, school walls, buildings and bridges. Murals usually tell us stories and ideas of its maker and of the society. Thus, murals can be a great cause of vandalism and future deterioration that is why there are organizations that have been managing and restoring murals to be able to make it a part of the cultural legacy of a certain nation. Due to the fact that murals are outdoor it is very much susceptible to damage and deterioration; urban grimes and pollution can fade the vibrant color of murals, the heat of the sun can crack the paint and moist will allow the paint to peel off ( City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs, 2007). Murals in Los Angeles The city of angels. Los Angeles seems to be a center-less place, malls are scattered all over the area that divides between the people of the locality, a city which is smog-full due to the fact that Los Angeles is a commercial and progressive place; well known for being one of the world’s center of technology, international trade, science, culture and higher education. However, Los Angeles makes sense as a whole because of the murals scattered everywhere; in the streets, bridges and in the walls of the buildings, if not because of the murals Los Angeles would seem to be a place full of walls, buildings and nothing more. Murals in Los Angeles actually represent the city and its historical background and accomplishments due to the fact that most of the themes of the murals around the vicinity of Los Angeles is about the city’s history. During the nineteen-sixties and seventies there were only few isolated and scattered murals found in Los Angeles but through time murals have been increasing. There were few muralists who have helped in inspiring the new generation of muralists, such muralists were Jose Orozco, David Siqueiros and Diego Rivera. The young muralists listed were Judith Baca, Frank Romero, Terry Schoonhoven, Kent Twitchell, Alonzo Davis, the East Los Streetscrapers and many other muralists; these are only few of the muralists that helped create the thousand of murals we now can see in Los Angeles. Los Angeles is often called as the Mural Capital of the World, but this is not official. This is due to the fact that there are various numbers of murals which are in large variety and of good quality. The southern California weather is also conducive for muralists to create number of murals the whole year round (Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles, 2000 ). How many murals are there in Los Angeles? According to a study made by Rich Puchalsky from 1998-2002 there are more than 1069 painted murals around Los Angeles. Puchalsky devoted four years in taking pictures of the murals in the locality. Pictures of murals were taken from East L. A. or in Monterey Park and he found a total of 204 murals. He had taken pictures of 84 murals in Downtown, 75 in San Fernando Valley, 73 murals in Long Beach Area, 67 in South L. A. , 108 in Mid-city, 42 in West L. A. , 95 murals in Hollywood or South Hollywood, 79 in Silver lake or in Echo park, 39 in Santa Monica or in Malibu, 37 from Vernon to Compton, 11 in Pasadena area, 57 in Venice area, 29 in Highland park in Northeast L. A. , 20 in Pomona area, 15 murals from Hermosa beach to San Pedro, 6 in Glendale area, 15 in L. A. Airport area, 5 in La Mirada area, 5 in Walnut area, 1 in Eastern San Gabriel valley, and 4 murals from Commerce to Paramount (Puchalsky, 2004) . The site for the mural If I were to make a mural in Los Angeles it would be in the Silver Lake area. We all know that Silver Lake is large; though it is exquisitely large it is better known for the peacefulness of the area. The area has many patches of communities; nevertheless it has been economically productive. It has a wide variation of subcultures and ethnicities because of its historical background. Silver Lake also has the uniqueness of having such a number of gays within the area. Theme and objective Homosexuals have been discriminated around the world and as an individual who has a respect for humankind it is my obligation to give our fellowmen a chance to be accepted by the society. The mural that I would like to make is for the commemoration of the homosexuals; the theme would be of the homosexuals and their kind. This theme would be appropriate for Silver Lake because of the fact that prominent number of homosexuals are living within the vicinity. The objective of the mural is to show to everyone that homosexuals should be given the same appreciation as anyone of us because they too are human and they have the right to be appreciated, nourished with love, and they too have the right to live in the way they are comfortable of, being homosexuals. We as humans are not suppose to deprive them of what all of us needs and we are not to let their lives be doomed because of our justification that homosexuals are immoral and that they do not have the right to live and be accepted. The mural should be able to express the thought that homosexuals should be accepted by the society. The percipients should be able to understand well the meaning of the mural so that they would digest well whatever it is that is within the context of the art. Medium and technique Technique is the knowledge of the artist of the medium he is using and his skill in making him or her achieve what he or she wants, it is a strategy. Medium is the materials used by the artist to objectify his experiences. In the mural I want I am going to use acrylic water emulsion paint which is actually synthetic. Acrylic do have a lot of advantage because acrylic does not crack, it does not turn into yellow and it does not turn into black even for ages. Acrylic also offers the advantage of having wide range of perfectly unique and permanent colors that persists through the years which is ideal in painting murals, it also has clear resin mixed with it and superb adhesion properties that makes the paint in-tacked with the wall to prevent bubbles that may cause the paint to peel off. It has proven that it is durable and can withstand the weather conditions and some environmental factors such as rain, sun, heat, cold, acid rain and air pollution. The mural is to be painted in an existing wall, although fake walls would be of great advantage over existing ones, I want the mural to persist through the years. And for the longetivity of the mural the surface should be prepared well. The surface should be free of moisture content, and water should not penetrate the wall on the other side. The surface should also be free from unwanted oil, wax or grease and the surface should be free from loose particles, and this should be dusted out using brush for smooth texture. Application of Gesso in the surface is also needed for the surface to be smooth. White surface would be preferred for the mural; this is to establish the relationship of the colors I am going to use (Rex Art Supplies, 1997-2007). The colors I would use would be bright colors, mostly of the primary or fundamental colors which are red, blue and yellow. These colors would represent the colorful and bright lives of our homosexual fellowmen despite of the fact that they are being discriminated and disgraced. The vibrant colors would also represent the feelings of the homosexuals. The Design The mural’s design would be harmonious; the elements of visual arts such as line, shape, texture, color and the space and movement should be united even though there is diversity. Line shows emotional qualities and it helps us express ourselves, shape represents the elements that we see, color is used to attract the percipient and it is used by the artist to express his or her feelings whether he or she feels hot or cold, texture is the feeling of the surface of an object whether it is smooth or rough, space and movement gives sense of volume and shows depth. It would also portray proportion; there should be a comparison of the portions of the surface or the mural. It would also show cadence, flow and or continuance and this can be achieved through repetition (Ippolito, 1998 ). The mural’s center piece would portray two men holding hands. This would mean homosexual relationships. Intricate details of the man’s physical appearance and wardrobe would also be given an emphasis in the mural. One of the men would be having a long hair but still having the physique of a common man, and the other man would be holding him. The two men in the mural would be in the act of swaying or dancing to show that they are happy being together and that they are carefree; this would show that they do not care if the society would accept their kind or not. Conclusion Art is a product of man and man is the basic unit of the society, it is a part of a whole. Culture is formed by the society and therefore arts, man and society are inter-connected and inter-related. An art would not exist if there is no artist and the society would not also exist because of man. References City of Los Angeles Department of Cultural Affairs [Electronic (2007). Version] from http://www. culturela. org/publicart/murals/murals. html. Ippolito, E. (1998 ). Graphic animation [Electronic Version]. Mural Conservancy of Los Angeles. ( 2000 ). from http://www. lamurals. org/MCLAIntro. html. Puchalsky, R. (2004). Version] from http://rpmurals. home. att. net/murals. html. Rex Art Supplies [Electronic (1997-2007). Version] from http://www. rexart. com/appmuralprep. html. Tolstoy, L. (1896).

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Abstract Cancer has always been a difficult problem to be solved by humans, of which leukemia is one of them. With the development of gene recombination technology and our in-depth understanding of cancer, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) can be carried out in clinical trials. Recently, CAR-T has made new progress in the treatment of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CAR-T cells are T-cell receptor gene and anti-CD19 antibody gene binding, transfection to T cells, in vitro amplification after transfer to patients for the treatment of leukemia new immunotherapy. The surface of the modified CAR-T cells has a specific binding site, which can recognize the CD19 antigen on the surface of B cells in lymphoblastic leukemia. CD19 antigen can stimulate the continuous activation and proliferation of CAR-T, CAR-T in the patients body can be multiplied hundreds of times, effectively killing acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Keywords: car-t cell therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia 1. CAR-T principle With the development of gene recombination technology, the specific antibody can be stably expressed on the surface of T cells, so that it has a specific antigen epitope. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is carried out on the basis of a cellular immunotherapy. The chimeric anti-gen receptor (CARs) is an antigen-recognition domain composed of a specific antibody in the extracellular domain and an antigen-chimeric protein composed of the intracellular CDC3-ÃŽ ¶ chain or FcÃŽ ³I protein linked to the transmembrane domain[1]. After the CARs are recognized and stimulated by specific antigens, they can provide activation signals for T cells and conduct the signals through the intracellular domain, which results in the activation of cells, which are CARs dependent cell activation and cytotoxicity, and cytokines Release [2]. In order to increase the cytotoxicity of CARs, the proliferation of signal transduction was achieved by constructing co-stimulatory molecules connected to the extracellular CD3CÃŽ ¶ in the intracellular domain, resulting in a multiplication of the cell killing effect, which greatly enhanced the CARs Cell killing effect [3]. Generation of CARs intracellular contains only one activation domain, so its specificity in the identification of tumor cell-associated antigens after killing effect is very limited [4]. Second-generation CARs contain an activation domain and a co-stimulatory domain, such as CD28 or 4-1BB [5-6]. The three-generation CARs are composed of the activation domain and multiple co-stimulatory domains, such as CD27, CD28, 4-1BB and OX40. The increase of these domains not only increases the ability of CAR-T cells to specifically recognize TAA and binding , More able to significantly extend the extracellular area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the cell signal transmission, causing lower levels of cell killing cascade [7]. With the improvement of structural design of CARs and the improvement of tumor targeting and kil ling, the researchers have constructed many other intracellular co-stimulatory molecular structures, including CD134, Lck, ICOS and DAP10 [8]. In addition, CD19-derived CAR-T cells were further engineered by researchers at the Duke University Center for Immunology to autocrine IL-12, which may or may not be required in specific syngeneic tumor models Pretreatment chemotherapy, if further extended to clinical patients can be in the lower side effects to obtain better efficacy [9]. Therefore, the continuous innovation of CARs related technologies is not only the structural optimization, but also the construction of more costimulatory molecules in function. The efficiency and function of CAR-T cells will be further improved. 2. Obtain specific CAR-T cells CD19 is a potential target for B-cell neoplasms and can be expressed in normal B cells, follicular dendritic cells, malignant B cells, and precursor B cells in addition to hematopoietic stem cells [10]. Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia is usually accompanied by CD19 expression, but in other lymphoid system tumor expression is not the same. Jena and others through genetic modification technology for the first time applied to chronic viral vector, the CD19 + specific chimeric antigen receptorand expression of B cells, transfected into the patients T cells, the transformation of T cells called CD19-specific CAR -T cells [11]. These T cells in vitro after a large number of amplification, re-enter the acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients play a role in the body. CD19-specific CAR-T cells are able to recognize leukemia specific CD19 targets and release B-cells from CD19 cells by releasing a variety of cytokines, thereby promoting the clearance of malignant tumor cells. The results show that, after retroviral gene transfection of T cells, in clinical applications is safe and effective [12]. CD19-specific CAR-T cells have been shown to be effective in attacking CD19 + tumor cell lines and in vivo B-cell tumors in animals [13]. In immunodeficient mice, CD19 + T cells can be effectively removed by the addition of CD19 + T cells [14]. 3. CAR-T cells in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing, inert B-cell leukemia, usually occurring in adults, and many patients can have no symptoms for several years, compared with other types of leukemia. Currently CLL has no specific treatment options, no obvious symptoms of CLL advocates observation and wait, mainly symptomatic treatment, drug therapy is difficult to achieve long-term remission and clinical cure. Genetically modified CAR-T cells have a significant therapeutic effect on B-cell malignancies. The New England Journal reported in June that the June Task Force [15] successfully treated 3 patients with CLL with CAR-T cells for the first time, 2 of whom were still in complete remission after 2 years of follow-up. They subsequently found that [16], the infusion of CAR-T cells in patients with peripheral blood and bone marrow in a large number of survival, proliferation in the body more than 1000 times, effective removal of CLL cells function can be maintained for more than 6 months. Not only that, some CAR-T cells are even in the form of memory cells that produce a rapid response when re-exposed to CLL cells. The mechanisms by which CAR-T cells proliferate and survive in vivo are unclear, probably due to the activation or release of cytokines by normal B cells and CD19-expressing leukemic cells in the internal environment. The cytokines such as IFN-r, CXCL9, IL-6 and soluble IL-2 receptor increased significantly after CAR-T cells entered the body, reaching a peak on the 23rd day after transfusion. Elevated cytokines in bone marrow were consistent with reduced levels of leukemic cells, but TNF levels in peripheral blood and bone marrow did not vary significantly. The number of CAR-T cells in vivo was detected by RT-PCR, and the ratio of cells increased 1000-fold on the 21st day after transfection, accounting for more than 20% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. The number of CAR-T cells was consistent with the time of oncolytic syndrome and elevated lev els of cytokines. The doubling time of CAR-T cells in peripheral blood was about 1.2 days and the half-life was 31 days. It is noteworthy that cytotoxic side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and macrophage activation syndrome may occur after treatment with CAR-T cell immunotherapy. These symptoms and children hemophagocytic syndrome, lymphoproliferative disease occurs in similar cytokine storm [17]. Cytokine storm is due to CAR-T cells kill B cells caused by tumor cell lysis, characterized by inflammation, long-term fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cell reduction. At this point the laboratory examination of patients with ferritin, triglyceride, transaminase, bilirubin, soluble IL-2 receptor a chain were increased and fibrinogen reduction [18]. CAR-T cells after the input, the patients peripheral blood and bone marrow loss of B cells and hypogammaglobulinaemia up to 6 months or more, but patients do not necessarily have recurrent infection. If the clinical symptoms require symptom atic treatment, the number of CAR-T cells in the patients body or the anti-tumor effect will not be significantly affected. In the past, patients treated with rituximab, after a few months of treatment, B cells can gradually pick up. Whether this phenomenon will occur in patients with CAR-T cell immunotherapy is still unclear. Because CAR-T cells can proliferate extensively and produce cytotoxicity in vivo, CAR-T cell-specific detection is needed in the course of clinical treatment [19], and timely prevention of adverse reactions occurs. 4. Adverse reactions and treatment Although CAR-T cell therapy has achieved surprising clinical results, but have to admit that there are still many cell treatment process risk, adverse reactions after treatment for the treatment of a great test. Because CAR-T can proliferate in vivo and produce severe cytotoxic effects on target cells, the most common and serious is cytokine release syndrome (CRS) [20]. In the current report of CAR-T cells in the treatment of blood cancer cases, almost all appeared in different severity of the CRS response. CRS is mainly due to the large number of cells after activation, including circulating IL-6, ferritin, INFÃŽ ³, IL-2, granulocyte colony stimulating factor IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, including rapid increase in cytokines Caused by fever without cause of infection, persistent hypotension, and even reports of neurological toxicity such as seizures [21-22]. CRS was observed in 48 of the 51 patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells (94%) and serum ferritin levels were greater than 1000 mg / dl in all patients with severe CRS 4-5 C The relationship between the increase of CRP and the course of disease was similar to that of ferritin, but serum C reactive protein and ferritin level did not have significant effect on the prediction of CRS progression. Further, they used 10 healthy volunteers as baseline and found that severe CRS responses within 1 month after CAR-T cell therapy were associated with 24 cytokines including IFNÃŽ ³, IL-6, SGP-130, and SIL6R Serum levels of the peak correlation [23]. Patients with severe CRS response to the survival of patients posed a huge risk, patients with severe hypotension or shock, respiratory distress syndrome, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney dysfunction, it must actively deal with the situation. In addition to the use of vasoactive drugs, tracheotomy and enhanced supportive therapy, the application of IL-6 receptor inhibitor tincture of monoclonal antibody is necessary by inhibiting IL-6 binding to cells and soluble IL-6 And bl ock its classic and bypass IL-6 signal pathway, so after receiving the monoclonal antibody treatment, many patients quickly achieved a good clinical response [24]. CRS can be divided into 5 levels, different levels of recommended CRS treatment is different, it is generally recommended priority early adequate use of trastuzumab to prevent severe CRS response, but because IL-6 mAb is not easy through the blood-brain barrier, 3 to 4 neurotoxic patients, may be preferred to use glucocorticoids to prevent severe CRS. Therefore, IL-6 monoclonal antibody can be relatively early application, can be controlled for CRS and does not affect the efficacy of CAR-T 5. Summary and outlook Nowadays, the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy, especially the treatment of CD19 CAR-T in hematologic tumors, has made great achievements and the application potential of adoptive immunotherapy as the main representative of CAR-T cell immunotherapy Is very broad. Not only in the blood disease, but also in solid tumors and many benign or chronic diseases, it also has a lot of potential applications. With the development of gene recombination technology and antigen protein construction technology, more CAR-T has been applied to precise targeted therapy. In addition, epitopes expressed on the surface of different blood tumor cells, such as: CD20, CD22, CD34, etc. may also be used as future treatment of other refractory blood diseases targeted to disease treatment to bring a new direction. One of the patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells for MLL rearrangement of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed that two patients developed AML after one month of treatment, wh ich may be related to the CD19-negative cellular immune escape Of a mechanism-related [25]. Therefore, the application of CAR-T in combination with multiple epitopes and the sustained killing effect of CAR-T cells in vivo may bring new hope to these cases. There have also been advances in the use of checkpoint inhibitors in combination with CAR-T in the treatment of animals such as AML [26]. However, CAR-T therapy is still a significant clinical risk of adverse treatment, therefore, CAR-T therapy to avoid the safety and toxicity is also a clinical problem to be solved. At present, CAR-T cell therapy for specific antigenic epitopes is combined with nonspecific traditional therapy for tumor cells. It is also a safe and reasonable regimen for the treatment of these diseases, not only killing the tumor cells completely, reducing immune escape and ineffective CAR-T cell immunotherapy, in turn, reduces the dose of non-targeted therapies such as prior chemotherapy and the consequent toxic reactions. Therefore, in the process of discovering new target antigens and constructing precise immunotherapy, The combination of non-targeted drugs and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also the research direction of CAR-T cell therapy for a long time. Thus, CAR-T cell therapy has provided new hope for refractory hematologic malignancies, and although there is a pleasing therapeutic effect, more research and further clinical trials are needed, Multi-angle, combined with previous and recent targeted therapy experience, will give CAR-T cell therapy to bring a broader application prospect and exciting clinical efficacy. References: [1] Deniger DC, Switzer K, Mi T, et al.Bispecific T-cells expressing polyclonal repertoire of endogenous gammadelta T-cell receptors and introduced CD19-specific anti receptor[J].Molecular therapy:the journal of the AMerican society of gene therapy, 2013, 21(3):638-647. [2] Jena B, Dotti G, Cooper LJ.Redirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor[J].Blood, 2010, 116(7):1035-1044. [3] Wang J, Jensen M, Lin Y, et al.Optimizing adoptive polyclonal T cell immunotherapy of lymphomas, using a chimeric T cell receptor possessing CD28 and CD137 costimulatory domains[J].Human gene therapy, 2007, 18(8):712-725. [4] Jensen MC, Popplewell L, Cooper LJ, et al.Antitransgene rejection reponses contribute to attenuated persistence of adoptively transferred CD20/CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells in humans[J].Biology of blood and marrow transplantation:journal of the American society for blood and Marrow transplantation, 2010, 16(9)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡1245-1256. [5] Kowolik CK, Topp MS, Gonzalez S, et al.CD28 Costimulation provided through a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor enhances in vivo persistence and antitumor efficacy of aoptively tyansferred T cell[J].Cancer research, 2006, 66à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 22à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡10995-11004. [6] Sanchez-paulete AR, Labiano S, Rodriguez-ruiz ME, et al.Deciphering CD137(4-1BB) signaling in T cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapy[J].European journal of immunology, 2016, 46(3):513-522. [7] Pule MA, Straathof KC, Dotti G, et al.A chimeric T cell antigen receptor that augments cytokine release and supports clonal expansion of Primary human T cell[J].Molecular therapy:the journal of the American society of gene therapy, 2005, 12(5):933-941. [8] Zhao Y, Wang QJ, Yang S, et al.A herceptin-based chimeric antigen rcetor with modified signaling domains leads to enhanced survival of transduced T lymphocytes and antitumor activity[J].Journal of immunology, 2009, 183(9):5563-5574. [9] Pegram HJ, Lee JC, Hayman EG, et al.Tumor-targeted T cells modified to secrete IL-12 cradicate systemic tumors without need for prior conditioning[J].Blood, 2012, 119(18):4133-4141. [10] Morgan RA, Yang JC, Kitano M, et al. Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing Eà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²BB2. 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[15] Porter DL, Levine BL, Kalos M, et al.Chimeric antigen receptormodified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia.N Engl J Med, 2011; 365( 8) : 725-33à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [16] Kalos M, Levine BL, Porter, DL, et al. T cells with chimeric antigen receptors have potent antitumor effects and can establish memory in patients with advanced leukemia.Sci Transl Med, 2011; 3( 95):95 ra73. [18] Janka G.Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.Annu rev Med, 2012; 63( 1) : 233-246à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [19] Kohn DB, Dotti G, Brentjens R, et al. CARs on track in the clinic.Mol Ther, 2011; 19( 3) : 432-438à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [20] Maude SL , Barrett D, Teachey DT, et al. Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated With Novel T Cell-Engaging Therapies[J].Cancer journal(Sudbury, Mass), 2014, 20(2):119-122. [21] Grupp SA, kalos M, Barrett D, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia[J].The New England journal of medicine, 2013, 368(16):1509-1518. [22] Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Feldman SA, et al. B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptor-transduced T cells[J]Blood, 2012, 119(12):2709-2720. [23] Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome[J]Blood, 2014, 124(2):188-195 [24] Teachey DT, Rheingold SR, Maude SL, et al.Cytokine release syndrome after blinatumomab treatment related to abnormal macrophage activation and ameliorated with cytokine-directed therapy[J].Blood, 2013, 12(26):5154-5157 [25] Gardner R, Wu D, Cherian S, et al.Acquisition of a CD19-neg-ative myeloid phenotype allows immune escape of MLL-rear-ranged B-ALL from CD19 CAR-T-cell the rapy[J].Blood, 2016, 127(20):2406-2410. 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Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Essay -- Pygmalion George Bernard Sha

Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw George Bernard Shaw's father, George Carr Shaw, was an alcoholic which meant not much money was spent on Shaw's education, therefore he was mainly self-taught, since he was self-taught he never had ideas forced upon him, this caused him to turn into a strong minded individual who expressed his opinions. He was a socialist and a critic who believed strongly in equality. Shaw wrote many plays, which expressed his opinions, one of the most famous being Pygmalion. Shaw uses Pygmalion to show the superficial basis of the class system. Pygmalion is set in London, in the early 1900's when the distinction between classes was more defined. I believe Shaw choose to set the play in London because it has the widest range of classes and would make it easier for him to show how false the class system really is. There is the queen who is considered to be of the highest class and people living on the streets who are considered to be of the lowest class. Shaw uses Pygmalion to show how false the class system is and how it is based on superficial ideas. Shaw shows that people can't be put into categorise when he makes the characters exceed the boundaries of the groups they have placed in. One of the characters to do this is Eliza, who exceeds the boundaries of lower class. " I'm a good girl I am." She shows that she is well mannered, and has more morals than Higgins. She also shows herself to have a lot of pride and self-respect. Through Higgins and Pickering's perceptions of Eliza, we are shown that the class system is all in the mind of the beholder and how it is perceived differently in each person. Higgins sees Eliza as lower class; "I treat a duchess as if she were a flowe... ...Shaw shows how people are judged when we first meet Doolittle. "He'll make bad use of it I'm afraid!" because of his poverty-stricken appearance, Pickering assumes that Doolittle will waste the money. Shaw also uses Doolittle to show that happiness can't be bought with money, when we first meet Doolittle he is happy but when he comes into money he doesn't like his new lifestyle and isn't happy with his new found finances. Shaw successfully criticises the British class system through Pygmalion. He shows how people can't be fitted into categorise as he makes many of the characters exceed the boundaries that they have been confined within. Through Pygmalion he picks up on the class system's many flaws and how easily it can be proved wrong. Pygmalion is successful in getting the message across about the class system and how it is based on superficial ideas.

The Immortality Pill Essay -- essays research papers

Originally when I was posed this question my immediate response was to return the Immortality pill (IP). The reason I initially responded this way, and still remain set on my belief had plenty to do with the factors involved. First, if I were to take the Immortality pill I would already know my horrific demise, such as an accident, war victim, or suicide. Secondly, just as suicide effects not only the person committing the act, but more so the family and friends in that individuals life, yet the same concept is present when making the decision to take this pill. It is just as selfish to put yourself above the values of what is morally important. Thirdly, by taking this pill it would detract from the meaning and purpose of time. Time would become meaningless if there were too much of it. Lastly, you as the individual that is now immortal would in essence be playing God, by altering destiny itself. In the process, if you’re loved ones decided not to purchase and take this pill you would eventually have to witness everyone you care about around you pass on. Although extremely deceiving, there would be many negative effects on human relationships in general. There would be no need for much of the medical industry and plenty of people would lose there careers, hurting the economy tremendously. Socially, this would impact the way people relate to each other, such as â€Å"how are you felling today?†, and â€Å"sorry to hear about your mother who is ill!† I believe as sinful human beings o...

The Darkness in Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

The Darkness in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It can be said that a certain degree of darkness lies within every person, but this darkness will not surface unless given the correct environment.   The darkness, however, can emerge and ultimately destroy the person if not checked by reason.   If one's inner darkness does surface, the victim then is given the opportunity to reach a point in personal growth, and to gain a sense of self- knowledge from it.   That is, when one's darkness appears, one must learn from this experience how he or she can prevent similar results from occurring in the future.   It is ultimately through self-knowledge that we gain the power to defeat our inner darkness, and all of its elements.   Just as everyone has the potential for evil within themselves, we too have the potential for true goodness.   In many literary works the author attempts to exemplify the evil which lies within by showing many characters which have been, or are being overcome by their inner darkness.   In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad we see how Marlow's journey into his ultimate evil, into his inner self, can be a positive experience.   By contrasting Marlow with Kurtz, who represents the absolute evil, we can see the two products of an inner evil which has emerged.   Marlow, who defeats his evil, and gains self-knowledge, and Kurtz, who is defeated by his darkness and falls prey to its wrath.   In William Golding's Lord of the Flies the author points out how easily people can be over taken by the darkness, how the potential for good can be destroyed by the evil, but ideally how good will triumph.   Through an examination of these two works we can see how the darkness within, given the correct environment will surface.   The circumstances which eventually cause the appearance of the inner darkness in these two novels stems from the lack of civility, the true test, or journey which every life contains, and finally the product of evil which lies in all of us, either through acts of commission or omission.         Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When people lack the aspect of civility in their lives they too will lack the restraints and barriers it has on one's inner evil.

A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students Essay

Love Styles: A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students Love is a feeling known to many people. Sometimes, it becomes a goal for different individuals to find their love through different ways. Moreover, love is a feeling which helps individuals to be compassionate to other people. Hence, love is not a mysterious thing yet no one has really attempted to study such topic for its very vague concept. However, there is a study which presented varying aspects regarding love. The article Love Styles: A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students. Furthermore this article provides a very significant understanding towards the subject of love. Therefore, as stated by the author is categorized into six different types of love. The types of love which were mentioned are Eros, Ludus and Storge which are categorized as the primary styles of love. The secondary styles are Pragma, Mania and Agape. These are all composed of different categories which mostly provide the concept of love in the current society. Eros is known to be the romantic and passionate type of love. Ludus is known to be the game playing love. Storge is a love which is based on friendship. Pragma is meant to name the practical kind of love. Mania is the possessive or dependent kind of love while Agape is the unselfish kind of love. Thus, all of these kinds of love is dynamic that could interchange or develop through time (Neto, 2007). Hence, the author was able to create a study which does not focus on the concept of romantic love but also the varying kinds of love in the society. Hence, in order to understand the concept of love, the author view various culture such as the British, Portuguese and the Indians in order for to attain the accurate results of the data. In the conclusion, the author realized that the need to view love must go through a gender, cultural and psychological aspects for there are great differences in the ethnicity of varying individuals. The research question in the author’s mind is definitely leaning on the concept of love through utilizing the concept of Lee on various students from India, Britain and Portugal. Hence, this is the main basis utilized by Neto in order to derive to such study. In order to get the accurate data, the author used various students of different nationalities such as Indians, British and Portuguese that shall provide different view points of the study. The study was composed of 562 individuals who are not equally divided between male and female. The results stated that different cultures of people are important in predicting the kind of styles of love which they make. Furthermore, the cultural perspective mainly predicts what kind of love the participants wanted to experience. Moreover, the gender of the students who participated is significant in the study. Therefore, there are studies which show that Eros is important to both genders. Hence, in the study Indians is much leaning into three secondary type of love such as Pragma, Mania and Agape (Neto, 2007). Thus, the Portuguese and British participants are much active in the Ludus kind of love. In the whole study, I view that all the information provided is very interesting. The kind of love that is being practiced by different individuals from varying countries is truly affected by the culture and environment they have experienced. Furthermore, I find it very interesting that Indians tend to have a Mania style of love. Although I have learned their culture, I do not believe that Indians’ love style could lead into a very deep and possessive state. I have learned that although love is needed by everyone, the types of love could be different. Love is not only defined through an Eros relationship but also through different kinds of love such as Storge or Agape. Most people see love as a serious relationship that could end up in marriage. Friendly relationships and companionships are also love but with limitations. References Neto, F. (2007). â€Å"Love Styles: A Cross-Cultural Study of British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students. † Journal of Comparative Family Studies. Retrieved on May 13, 2010 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_hb3248/is_200704/ai_n32226385/? tag=content;col1

Karl Marx Classless Society Essay

This essay c everywherees the c at one timept of a democratic bon ton according to Karl Marx. The starting go bad aims at defining a trend within the context of kind furcate. It overly defines the circumstance democraticness. The second function focuses on the possibility of attaining and sustaining a sort outless baseball club in this century. The first single out of the essay starts by discussing what a single out is. It so goes on to briefly discuss how elucidatees came intimately, outlines the dis identical householdes and what or whom they constitute and eventually briefly nonices the concept of classlessness.The second part of the essays begins by discussing the concept of a classless hunting lodge as delimitate by Karl Marx. This is followed by an assessment as to whether or non a classless society is attainable and sustainable in this century. disunite The term class has several diffe blood definitions. It chiffonier be defined as the segment of a population that continue with same affable standings in society or a similar brotherly status.That is, a group of plenty in society sharing broadly similar types and levels of resources, who possess similar styles of living and, few common perception of their collective condition. Alternatively, Marxists atomic number 18 non concerned with the ideas of individual players virtually their position in society. They hold that a persons class is not determined by the amount of wealthiness that he has, but by how he acquires it, as determined by his congress to labour and to the means of toil.As defined by Lenin Vladimir I. Classes are deep groups of community differing from each new(prenominal) by the regularize they occupy in a historically determined system of social action, by their relation (in well-nigh eccentrics fixed and conjecture by law) to the means of output signal, by their contribution in the social organisation of labour, and, consequently, by the dimensions of the share of social wealth of which they put away and their mode of acquiring it (1965, p421). Class render According to Marxist theory, in that location once existed a classless society which encom consumeed tribal society and primitive communism because everyone was unworthy and carried out the same type of work.Classes emerged and at a received power point in the victimization of productive forces and the discussion section of labour. This occurred when the transition to an agricultural society created the cosmos of nimiety of production, which was much than enough to carry out an individuals needs at a particular time. It is this surplus production that brought about the development of classes in society, because the surplus could be used by the higher(prenominal) class. That is, the ruling class which did not go into in production.Types of Class in that respect are three great social groups, whose members live on wages, return and ground subscrib e to respectively. Karl Marx 1971, p. 886). These three social groups or classes are the labor or works class, the bourgeoisie or capist class, the landlord class The Landlord Class Marxist-Leninists define the landlord class as that class which owns land and derives its income from ground rent on that land. Marx considered them a marginal class, more and more losing their importance with the development of capitalist society. Thus, in a developed capitalist society, thither are still three elementary social classes, but these are at one time the bourgeoisie the petty bourgeoisie and the travail Every capitalist country s basically dual-lane into three master(prenominal) forces the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie and the proletariat. (Vladimir I. Lenin 1964, p. 202).The middle class These are the owners of capital. It is this capital that they use to taint and exploit labour power and then use the surplus mensurate from usance of this labour power to accumulate or exp and their capital. Marxist-Leninists define the bourgeoisie or capitalist class as the class of new capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labour. (Friedrich Engels Note to Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels 1943 p. 04). Classlessness The term classlessness can be used to describe several different social situations occurring in society. Amongst these include i. Societies in which classes have neer developed.These being societies in which all people are considered equal, carry out similar economic roles and have never created a division of labour. ii. Societies where classes have been deliberately or voluntarily abolished such as is the case for the Israeli kibbutzes. Class depth psychology explains how youthful capitalist society works and accounts for galore(postnominal) of the other issues raised by the other approaches.But class summary has been criticized as economically too deterministic and not able to explain changes in modern societies w here people from different strata show mobility as they benefit from the dynamic organization of the capitalist economy. Another critique of class analysis is that, because of the focus on the production, it tends to ignore the accompaniment that social stratification in society occurs along various planes and not fair(a) economic organization as. Others have place stratification on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity as key to understanding most societies.From the above, a classless society can be explained as one where on that point is no private ownership and control/rights over property. That is, a society where the basis of class division in property has been eliminated through public ownership of the means of production. By implication, all value including surplus value created by labour is consumed collectively by the community. In accordance with the above analysis of Marxs theory on class and classless society, and the occurrences of this century, it can be reason tha t a classless society is not likely to be attained, nor sustained.This is because time and fib have invalidated many of Karl Marxs assumptions and predictions. For instance, capitalist ownership and control of production have been separated. Joint stock companies forming most of the industrial sector are directly almost entirely operated by non-capital-owning managers. There is also the case of people in a society not plainly being employees of a company, but also owning capital, that is, shares in the company they work for. In such a situation, it is not judge that a revolution against the capitalist can take place as the worker is the capitalist.It would not be logical for a person to overthrow himself. Workers are divided and subdivided into different science groups. They have not grown homogenous. Thus, it is quite difficult for the proletariat to start a revolution as each worker or skill group has different goals and values. That is, workers are not united and not all whit ethorn be willing to participate in the overthrow of the capitalist. In addition, class perceptual constancy has been undermined by the development of a large middle class and considerable social mobility.Instead of increasing extremes of wealth and impoverishment, there has been a social leveling. And finally, bourgeois governmental power has progressively weakened with suppuration in worker oriented legislation and of labor-oriented parties, and with a narrowing of the rights and privileges of capital ownership. close important, the severest manifestation of conflict between workers and capitalist (the strike) has been institutionalized through collective dicker legislation and the legalization of strikes. Furthermore, some of Marxs predictions have not come to pass Growth of capitalist economy.While Marx judge capitalist economy to expand and he understood the adaptability of capitalism to new conditions, he appears to have expected capitalism to eventually collapse. Today , capitalism has adapted and has created new means of expanding itself through development of new technologies, new forms of organization, colonialism and imperialism, and new markets. engineering reducing profits. Marx predicted that as industry becomes more mechanised, using more constant capital and less variable capital, the rate of profit would fall.This is not the case in the real era as the enlarge and benefit in technology, has in turn brought about an increase in the quality and consequently the value of goods and services. Thus, increasing profit. Increasing poverty of the on the job(p) class. Marx expected the working class to become increasingly impoverished. Though there are tendencies in this direction and employers attempt to reduce wages, workers have been able to increase their wages, usually above subsistence levels in certain periods. Workers have done this through mete out unions and through pressuring the state to improve working and living conditions.